Difference between revisions of "Vulcan/TextualMatching"
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+ | By Stephen Soderland. | ||
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== Overview == | == Overview == | ||
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The set of facts used by the system are stored as textual tuples with a link to the sentence and the genre (e.g. definition, study guide, ClueWeb). These tuples may be nested or n-ary, and may have null arg2 for intransitive relations. These tuples can be automatically transformed into TUFFY format. | The set of facts used by the system are stored as textual tuples with a link to the sentence and the genre (e.g. definition, study guide, ClueWeb). These tuples may be nested or n-ary, and may have null arg2 for intransitive relations. These tuples can be automatically transformed into TUFFY format. | ||
+ | <pre> | ||
Rule: <id> (Arg|Rel) : (<var>|<string>) => (Arg|Rel) : (<var>|<string>) <comment> | Rule: <id> (Arg|Rel) : (<var>|<string>) => (Arg|Rel) : (<var>|<string>) <comment> | ||
+ | </pre> | ||
Notes: Rule looks for exact string match in either an Arg or Rel phrase | Notes: Rule looks for exact string match in either an Arg or Rel phrase | ||
<var> can be X, Y, Z, R,… and must match any other instances of same variable. | <var> can be X, Y, Z, R,… and must match any other instances of same variable. | ||
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Question to demonstrate: “Growth causes leaves of a plant to become large”. | Question to demonstrate: “Growth causes leaves of a plant to become large”. | ||
− | + | <pre> | |
− | (growth, cause, (leaves of a plant, become large)) [nested, with intransitive arg2] | + | (growth, cause, (leaves of a plant, become large)) [nested, with intransitive arg2] |
− | (growth, cause, (leaves of a plant, become, large)) [nested, with binary rel for arg2]< | + | (growth, cause, (leaves of a plant, become, large)) [nested, with binary rel for arg2] |
− | + | </pre> | |
Evidence from definition: “The noun growth is the process of something becoming bigger” | Evidence from definition: “The noun growth is the process of something becoming bigger” | ||
− | + | <pre> | |
− | (growth, is process of, (something, become bigger) | + | (growth, is process of, (something, become bigger) |
− | (growth, is process of, (something, become, bigger))< | + | (growth, is process of, (something, become, bigger)) |
+ | </pre> | ||
; Rules needed | ; Rules needed | ||
− | + | <pre> | |
− | + | 1. Rel: X => Rel: is process of [generalize any action to “is process of”] | |
− | + | 1a. Rel: cause => Rel: is process of [more particular version of rule 2] | |
− | + | 2. Rel: is process of => Rel: X [abductive rule, inverse of rule 1] | |
− | + | 2a. Rel: is process of => Rel: cause [abductive rule, inverse of rule 1a] | |
− | + | 3. Arg: X => Arg: something [generalize any arg value to “something”] | |
− | + | 4. Arg: something => Arg: X [abductive rule, inverse of rule 3] | |
− | + | 5. Rel: become bigger => Rel: become big [lexical substitution from verb stemmer] | |
− | + | 6. Rel: become big => Rel: become large [lexical substitution from WN synonym] | |
− | + | </pre> | |
Notes on rules: | Notes on rules: | ||
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;Derivation: | ;Derivation: | ||
− | + | <pre> | |
+ | Evidence: | ||
(growth, is process of, (something, become bigger)) | (growth, is process of, (something, become bigger)) | ||
Rel: become bigger => Rel: become big | Rel: become bigger => Rel: become big | ||
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Rel: is process of => Rel: X | Rel: is process of => Rel: X | ||
(growth, cause, (leaves of a plant, become large)) QED | (growth, cause, (leaves of a plant, become large)) QED | ||
+ | </pre> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <b>Example 2</b> | ||
− | |||
− | |||
Question to demonstrate: “A sense of smell helps a fox find food” | Question to demonstrate: “A sense of smell helps a fox find food” | ||
+ | <pre> | ||
(sense of smell, helps, (fox, find, food)) | (sense of smell, helps, (fox, find, food)) | ||
+ | </pre> | ||
+ | |||
Evidence from Study Guide: “A good sense of smell is necessary for many animals to find food.” | Evidence from Study Guide: “A good sense of smell is necessary for many animals to find food.” | ||
+ | <pre> | ||
(good sense of smell, is necessary for, (animal, find, food)) | (good sense of smell, is necessary for, (animal, find, food)) | ||
− | Rules needed | + | </pre> |
− | 7. Rel: is necessary for => Rel: helps [a textual entailment] | + | |
− | 8. Arg: fox => Arg: animal [lexical substitution from WN hypernym] | + | ;Rules needed |
− | 9. Arg: animal => Arg: fox [lexical specialization from WN hypernym] | + | <pre> |
− | 10. | + | 7. Rel: is necessary for => Rel: helps [a textual entailment] |
− | 10a. | + | 8. Arg: fox => Arg: animal [lexical substitution from WN hypernym] |
− | 10b. | + | 9. Arg: animal => Arg: fox [lexical specialization from WN hypernym] |
− | 11. | + | 10. Arg: X Y => Arg: Y [generalize by dropping modifier] |
− | 11a. | + | 10a. Arg: good Y => Arg: Y [more particular version of rule 10] |
− | 11b. | + | 10b. Arg: good sense of smell => Arg: sense of smell [more particular version of rule 10a] |
− | Note on rules: | + | 11. Arg: Y => Arg: X Y [abductive inverse of rule 10] |
− | 10 and 10a are in the nature of meta-rules – TUFFY gets the particular rule 10b. Same with 11, 11a, 11b. | + | 11a. Arg: Y => Arg: good Y [more particular version of rule 11] |
− | Derivation | + | 11b. Arg: sense of smell => Arg: good sense of smell [more particular version of rule 11a] |
+ | </pre> | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | Note on rules: 10 and 10a are in the nature of meta-rules – TUFFY gets the particular rule 10b. Same with 11, 11a, 11b. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ;Derivation | ||
+ | <pre> | ||
Evidence: | Evidence: | ||
(good sense of smell, is necessary for, (animal, find, food)) | (good sense of smell, is necessary for, (animal, find, food)) | ||
Line 81: | Line 99: | ||
(sense of smell, helps, (fox, find, food)) | (sense of smell, helps, (fox, find, food)) | ||
+ | </pre> | ||
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Latest revision as of 19:26, 20 August 2013
By Stephen Soderland.
Overview
Rules should be human readable and based on textual tuples. They should be in a format that is easy for manual creation and editing. The human-readable rules can be automatically transformed into TUFFY format.
The set of facts used by the system are stored as textual tuples with a link to the sentence and the genre (e.g. definition, study guide, ClueWeb). These tuples may be nested or n-ary, and may have null arg2 for intransitive relations. These tuples can be automatically transformed into TUFFY format.
Rule: <id> (Arg|Rel) : (<var>|<string>) => (Arg|Rel) : (<var>|<string>) <comment>
Notes: Rule looks for exact string match in either an Arg or Rel phrase can be X, Y, Z, R,… and must match any other instances of same variable. <comment> may be displayed in derivation
Example 1
Question to demonstrate: “Growth causes leaves of a plant to become large”.
(growth, cause, (leaves of a plant, become large)) [nested, with intransitive arg2] (growth, cause, (leaves of a plant, become, large)) [nested, with binary rel for arg2]
Evidence from definition: “The noun growth is the process of something becoming bigger”
(growth, is process of, (something, become bigger) (growth, is process of, (something, become, bigger))
- Rules needed
1. Rel: X => Rel: is process of [generalize any action to “is process of”] 1a. Rel: cause => Rel: is process of [more particular version of rule 2] 2. Rel: is process of => Rel: X [abductive rule, inverse of rule 1] 2a. Rel: is process of => Rel: cause [abductive rule, inverse of rule 1a] 3. Arg: X => Arg: something [generalize any arg value to “something”] 4. Arg: something => Arg: X [abductive rule, inverse of rule 3] 5. Rel: become bigger => Rel: become big [lexical substitution from verb stemmer] 6. Rel: become big => Rel: become large [lexical substitution from WN synonym]
Notes on rules:
We can derive abductive inverses automatically with a meta-rule. Lexical substitution rules are generated on the fly as needed.
- Derivation
Evidence: (growth, is process of, (something, become bigger)) Rel: become bigger => Rel: become big (growth, is process of, (something, become big)) Rel: become big => Rel: become large (growth, is process of, (something, become large)) Arg: something => Arg: X (growth, is process of, (leaves of a plant, become large)) Rel: is process of => Rel: X (growth, cause, (leaves of a plant, become large)) QED
Example 2
Question to demonstrate: “A sense of smell helps a fox find food”
(sense of smell, helps, (fox, find, food))
Evidence from Study Guide: “A good sense of smell is necessary for many animals to find food.”
(good sense of smell, is necessary for, (animal, find, food))
- Rules needed
7. Rel: is necessary for => Rel: helps [a textual entailment] 8. Arg: fox => Arg: animal [lexical substitution from WN hypernym] 9. Arg: animal => Arg: fox [lexical specialization from WN hypernym] 10. Arg: X Y => Arg: Y [generalize by dropping modifier] 10a. Arg: good Y => Arg: Y [more particular version of rule 10] 10b. Arg: good sense of smell => Arg: sense of smell [more particular version of rule 10a] 11. Arg: Y => Arg: X Y [abductive inverse of rule 10] 11a. Arg: Y => Arg: good Y [more particular version of rule 11] 11b. Arg: sense of smell => Arg: good sense of smell [more particular version of rule 11a]
Note on rules: 10 and 10a are in the nature of meta-rules – TUFFY gets the particular rule 10b. Same with 11, 11a, 11b.
- Derivation
Evidence: (good sense of smell, is necessary for, (animal, find, food)) Arg: good Y => Arg: Y (sense of smell, is necessary for, (animal, find, food)) Arg: animal => Arg: fox (sense of smell, is necessary for, (fox, find, food)) Rel: is necessary for => Rel: helps (sense of smell, helps, (fox, find, food))